William wrote:The Ringmaster
The ringmaster's such a charming fellow,
in his shining hat and coat of yellow.
And he calls the tune, he conducts the band
while holding the whip lightly in his hand.
The animals jump, the animals dance,
controlled by his smile, the steel in his glance,
elephants stumble, the tigers don't roar,
for none is the creature he was before.
~~~~
{then, later}
Thank you all - my current draft of line four is:
"while clenching the whip so tight in his hand."
I believe that would be a mistake.
As has been pointed out,
"...clenching ... tight..." implies fear.
Whereas this particular ringmaster
has no cause to fear these particular animals.
"He calls the tune, he conducts the band".
So he ought to hold the whip
lightly in his hand.
Just like a conductor holds a baton.
The way I read the poem, the subject isn't
the ringmaster anyway. And the reason that
he has nothing to fear has nothing to do with him.
He is not a comic book hero in a comic book poem
about the circus.
This ringmaster is a straw-man. A parry.
A soft subject for those who aren't
ready to see what the real subject is.
Because the real subject is the broken spirit of the animals.
And the animals are us.
None of us is who we once were.
We are all broken by age, if by nothing else.
So you can think of the ringmaster as time.
Or whatever your personal excuse is
to not "not go gentle into that good night".
But it isn't necessary. Because the ringmaster
isn't the subject. The subject is the broken spirits
of the animals. The ringmaster is simply whatever
makes that apparent.
~~~
For the same reason,
to change:
---- "controlled by his smile, the steel in his glance"
to:
----"controlled by his smile or the steel in his glance"
would be a mistake, because it would reduce the inner
harmony of the poem, which is all about emphasizing
the dispiritedness of the animals.
Putting the word "or" between "smile" and "steel(y)...glance"
sets the two up on equal footing as essentially randomly
chosen examples of the sorts of gestures that ringmasters
generally find useful in controlling animals. In other words,
the construct would be a "synecdoche" - the use of parts
to designate a whole.
(
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synecdoche )
In a synecdoche, the parts are usually typical or outstanding
characteristics of the whole. But they neither define nor limit
its range. They simply point to the whole, by reason of
being parts of it.
And in this case the synecdoche "his smile or the steel in his glance"
would leave us too much leeway to imagine that,
once the spot light of the poem has left the tent,
the ringmaster may have occasion to use other
gestures from that set, such as fear and trembling
or panic. Which would be wrong because it would
reduce the inner harmony of the poem.
The original line
controlled by his smile, the steel in his glance
on the other hand happens to be a very special type of
construct called a "merism".
(
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merism )
Merisms don't often occur in natural speech.
They usually only occur in poetry because they
are an extremely condensed way to define a set.
Many of the most common examples used to explain
the idea happen to define very large sets,
which would be difficult to designate in any other way.
(eg "heaven and earth", "lock. stock, and barrel", "soup to nuts")
But these are figurative uses, whereas the basic idea of a merism
is to
limit the designated range, not expand it.
A merism is more of a
definition of a whole, than a pointer to it.
It specifies the full range we are permitted to imagine.
In this case the full range of gestures needed by this particular
ringmaster to control these particular animals is limited by the merism
to the set of gestures which are, in some sense, like a "smile"
and a "steely glance" - these two being the extreme limits of the range.
The implication being that takes only very subtle gestures to keep
these particular animals in line. In other words the merism
is another inner-harmony emphasizing the animal's broken spirits.
That "controlled by his smile, the steel in his glance"
was intended to be a merism is emphasized by
the presence of another one:
elephants stumble, the tigers don't roar
In this case if the line were changed to, say,
--- "the elephants stumble and the tigers don't roar"
it wouldn't be a synecdoche.
But what It would be is simply a consequence of the line
preceding it:
--- "controlled by his smile, the steel in his glance,".
We'd be free to imagine that the elephants stumble
and the tigers fall silent only when the ringmaster
happens to be looking at them.
The merism "elephants stumble, the tigers don't roar",
on the other hand, limits the full range of their possible
behaviors. Which excludes even, for example, eating,
- they being all that dispirited! And, in this state, naturally,
the ringmaster easily controls them with just a smile or a glance.
But the smile and steely glance aren't made out to be
the cause of their dispiritedness.
~~
Of course I went too far in saying that
we are the dispirited animals.
The poem doesn't support it, literally.
I just think it'd be a pity if it wasn't implicit in it.
~~
I believe the poem, as originally posted, was essentially perfect.
Of course any poem can be made better.
But I don't see any immediately obvious way to improve this one.
(If it's read the way I've been reading it, that is.)
And my advise to the author, if he isn't sure, is to put it away
for a month or two, or a year or two, and then get back to it.
In games like chess there is "zugzwang" - the obligation to move.
But in poetry there is no zugzwang.
And there comes a point when alterations are not improvements.
They are meanderings. (In chess, a "draw".)
Generally all exercise, physical and intellectual, must be followed by rest.
And for the same reason.
(more to come...